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All decompositions of a prime as a sum of four squares

asked 2012-05-09 03:51:59 +0100

parzan gravatar image

updated 2012-05-09 03:52:38 +0100

Jacobi showed that a prime $p$ has $8(p+1)$ decompositions as a sum of four squares. sage.rings.arith.four_squares computes one such decomposition. Is there a way to compute all of them?

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Somewhat surprisingly, even in Hardy and Wright I don't seem to find a quaternion decomposition or something else that gives a construction of them... maybe I didn't read it closely enough. It sounds like at least a little new code would be needed, not just a straight-up application of a theorem.

kcrisman gravatar imagekcrisman ( 2012-05-09 10:02:15 +0100 )edit

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answered 2012-05-10 04:17:15 +0100

Mike Hansen gravatar image

It is straightforward to do it brute-force:

def sum_of_squares(n, number_of_squares):
    if number_of_squares <= 1:
        if n.is_square():
            yield [n.isqrt()]
            if n != 0:
                yield [-n.isqrt()]
        return
    for i in range(n.isqrt(), -1, -1):
        k = n - i**2
        for rest in sum_of_squares(k, number_of_squares - 1):
            yield [i] + rest
            if i != 0:
                yield [-i] + rest

You can check that the theorem holds:

sage: %time len(list(sum_of_squares(389,4)))  
CPU times: user 0.03 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.03 s
Wall time: 0.02 s
3120
sage: 8*(389+1)
3120
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I sort of assumed the poster had already tried this. I do like the yields - think this could now be Cythonized and actually put in Sage? Presumably for numbers larger than 389 this would quickly get slow.

kcrisman gravatar imagekcrisman ( 2012-05-10 09:19:45 +0100 )edit

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Asked: 2012-05-09 03:51:59 +0100

Seen: 814 times

Last updated: May 10 '12