In principle, you should be able to look at http://localhost:8080/pub to see published worksheets. (But I've never tried to publish local worksheets! It does seem to work fine, though, in my own computer. What version of Sage are you running, what browser, etc.?)
Edit if you really want to upload from locally:
This is nontrivial because you need to find someone who is running a server you can publish worksheets on! There are some Sage servers out there (you can do a search for this) but not all of them allow published worksheets, because of security issues. (For instance, sagenb.org no longer allows them.) What you would need to do is to download the worksheet you are working on as an .sws file (this is easiest from the main worksheet listing, check the box of the one you want to download and choose download from the actions), and then upload it to whichever server you are using and publish it there. (You'd need to make an account at this hypothetical server as well.)
Another option is to take the .sws file and just upload it somewhere people can download it from, as a regular file. Then they can import it into their own Sage notebooks. I've done this plenty of times. Good luck!