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For a given graph $G$, we can construct a new graph $H$ on the same set of vertices as $G$ such that two vertices $u$ and $v$ are connected in $H$ iff the distance between $u,v$ in $G$ is greater than $k$. Then the $k$-independence number of $G$ equals the clique number of $H$.

Here is a sample code, which computes 1-independence number of Petersen graph.

from sage.graphs.distances_all_pairs import distances_all_pairs

def k_independence_number(G,k):
    D = distances_all_pairs(G)   # pairwise distances
    H = Graph([ G.vertices(), [(u,v) for u,N in D.items() for v,d in N.items() if d>k] ])
    return H.clique_number()

print( k_independence_number(graphs.PetersenGraph(),1) )