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After writing some prefix, typing the UP-ARROW

 sage: prefix<UP-ARROW>

Allows you to search the previous entered command starting with prefix.

After writing some prefix, typing the UP-ARROW

 sage: prefix<UP-ARROW>

Allows you to search the previous entered command starting with prefix.

EDIT: To search not only prefixes, but also any occurrences of a keyword, you may show the complete history of inputs by doing:

sage: %history

or you may use the variable In which contains the list of the inputs (the variable Out contains the outputs) doing as follows:

sage: def search_history(keyword):
....:     L = ["In[{}]={}".format(i,cmd) for (i,cmd) in enumerate(In) if keyword in cmd]
....:     print('\n'.join(L))

and then:

sage: factor(100)
2^2 * 5^2
sage: print(43)
43
sage: identity_matrix(4)
[1 0 0 0]
[0 1 0 0]
[0 0 1 0]
[0 0 0 1]
sage: search_history('factor')
In[2]=factor(Integer(100))
In[5]=search_history('factor')