How to randomly generate a quadratic, monic, irreducible polynomial over ring of integers ZZ with small coefficients?

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You haven't made it clear how big integers can be and still be small. The following code can easily be modified as needed

R.<x>=ZZ[]  #ring of polynomials with integral coefficients
f = R.random_element(2) #choose polynomial from the ring with degree at most 2
L = f.list() #get the coefficients
while L[2] != 1 or abs(L[1])>9 or abs(L[0])>10 or f.is_irreducible() == False:
    f = R.random_element(2)
    L = f.list()
print(f)

L[2] is the coefficient of x^2, so we insist that if it isn't 1 then we throw the polynomial away. We also throw the polynomial away if the coefficient of x in absolute value is >9 or the constant (in absolute value) is >10 or the polynomial is not irreducible.

There's probably a less clunky way to do it but this works.

EDIT: following rburing comment below will mean not having to throw out so many polynomials for not being monic.

R.<x>=ZZ[]  #ring of polynomials with integral coefficients
poly = R.random_element(1) #choose polynomial from the ring with degree at most 1
f = x^2+poly
L = f.list() #get the coefficients
while abs(L[1])>9 or abs(L[0])>10 or f.is_irreducible() == False:
    poly = R.random_element(1)
    f = x^2+poly
    L = f.list()
print(f)