For vs while loop

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The main thing that is wrong in your code is that you do not update the value of i so that i stays equal to 0 forever, hence you get an infinite loop.

The idea behind my suggestion to use a while`` loop was to avoid the use of the computation of the square root , which is slow (moreover, the way it is done, it involves the symbolic ring, which is very slow).

Here is a simple possibility:

squares = []
i = 0
while i*i < n:
    squares.append(i*i)
    i += 1

As you can see, i do not compute any square root. To make my point, let me define two function and compare their speed:

def slow(n):
    squares=[]
    for i in range(int(sqrt(n)+1)):
        squares.append(i*i)
    return squares

def fast(n):
    squares = []
    i = 0
    while i*i < n:
        squares.append(i*i)
        i += 1
    return squares

Now, let us benchmark:

sage: n = 95

sage: %time slow(n)
CPU times: user 12.3 ms, sys: 0 ns, total: 12.3 ms
Wall time: 11.4 ms
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

sage: %time fast(n)
CPU times: user 71 µs, sys: 9 µs, total: 80 µs
Wall time: 91.8 µs
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

As you can see, it is 100 times faster. You can also increase n and use %timeit instead of %time to test many times in a row and avoid some startup bias (note however that the square root is computed only once).

As a last word, you can notice that i compute the square of i twice in my function which is useless and costly ; as an exercice, you could try to avoid such a double computation and check if your method increases the speed.