Jupyter uses MathJax to render LaTeX.
The reference for this question is therefore:
One solution indicated there involves modifying
"the load array of the loader block of your
MathJax configuration". I did not try that.
The other one, which I tried with success,
consists in fist executing a markdown cell with
$\require{color}$
and then using \colorbox
, for example:
$\colorbox{yellow}{Writing on yellow background!}$
This enables math fragments on color background,
as part of displayed equations.
For instance:
$$
\text{Change to }\colorbox{yellow}{yellow background}\text{ and write }
\colorbox{yellow}{$\sum_{k=1}^n e^{i \cdot k \cdot \tau / n} = 0$}
$$
For inline math, $\colorbox{yellow}{$ ... $}$
would not parse.
The trick is to use $\colorbox{yellow}{\( ... \)}$
instead.
In the screenshot below, relevant markdown cells are duplicated,
and showed once in edit mode and once in displayed mode.