Construct a system of linear equations

I would like to construct a system of linear equations as follows and find a basis of the solutions : Fix $p$, $q$ $$a_{i, j} - 3a_{i-1,j} - 4a_{i,j-1} +10a_{i-1,j-1} = 0$$ for all $$0 \le i \le \frac{p-1}{2} - 1 ; 0 \le j \le q-2$$ with further conditions : $a_{-1,j} = -a_{\frac{p-1}{2}-1, j}, a_{i,-1} = a_{i,q-2}$ for all $i,j$ satisfying the above conditions

Further more, is there a way that the same can be implemented for $a_{i,j,k}$ and so on.

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Is $p$ assumed to be an odd integer and $\ge 1$, so that $\frac{p-1}{2}$ is a non-negative integer?

Is $q$ assumed to be an integer and $\ge 2$, so that $q-2$ is a non-negative integer?

( 2018-07-18 04:19:09 -0500 )edit

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Here is a way to build a linear system as in the question.

First, define a function a to create symbolic variables $a_{i,j}$.

Here we represent $a_{i, j}$ as a_i_j, and we use m for the minus sign, so m1 stands for $-1$.

def a(t):
return SR.var(('a' + '_{}'*len(t)).format(*[str(i).replace('-','m') for i in t]))


Test it:

sage: a((1, 1)), a((12, 437)), a((-1, 2)), a((-1, 2, 8)), a((2, 4, -1, 3))
(a_1_1, a_12_437, a_m1_2, a_m1_2_8, a_2_4_m1_3)


Then, we need a function to build the linear system in the question.

def thesystem(p, q):
s = []
for i in range((p-1)//2 + 1):
for j in range(q-2):
s.append(a((i, j)) - 3*a((i-1, j)) - 4*a((i, j-1)) + 10*a((i-1, j-1)) == 0)
for j in range(q-1):
s.append(a((-1, j)) + a(((p-1)//2 - 1, j)) == 0)
for i in range((p-1)//2 + 1):
s.append(a((i, -1)) - a((i, q-2)) == 0)
return s


Test it with $(p, q) = (5, 4)$:

sage: s_5_4 = thesystem(5, 4)
sage: s_5_4
[a_0_0 - 4*a_0_m1 - 3*a_m1_0 + 10*a_m1_m1 == 0,
-4*a_0_0 + a_0_1 + 10*a_m1_0 - 3*a_m1_1 == 0,
-3*a_0_0 + 10*a_0_m1 + a_1_0 - 4*a_1_m1 == 0,
10*a_0_0 - 3*a_0_1 - 4*a_1_0 + a_1_1 == 0,
-3*a_1_0 + 10*a_1_m1 + a_2_0 - 4*a_2_m1 == 0,
10*a_1_0 - 3*a_1_1 - 4*a_2_0 + a_2_1 == 0,
a_1_0 + a_m1_0 == 0,
a_1_1 + a_m1_1 == 0,
a_1_2 + a_m1_2 == 0,
-a_0_2 + a_0_m1 == 0,
-a_1_2 + a_1_m1 == 0,
-a_2_2 + a_2_m1 == 0]


Now a function to extract the variables from the linear system:

def sysvar(s):
v = set()
for e in s:
v.update(e.variables())
return sorted(v, key=str)


Try it:

sage: v_5_4 = sysvar(s_5_4)
sage: v_5_4
[a_0_0,
a_0_1,
a_0_2,
a_0_m1,
a_1_0,
a_1_1,
a_1_2,
a_1_m1,
a_2_0,
a_2_1,
a_2_2,
a_2_m1,
a_m1_0,
a_m1_1,
a_m1_2,
a_m1_m1]


Now we can solve the linear system:

sage: solve(s_5_4, v_5_4)
[[a_0_0 == r8,
a_0_1 == -1/5*r5 + 17/5*r8,
a_0_2 == -1/10*r5 + 2/5*r7 + 3/10*r8,
a_0_m1 == -1/10*r5 + 2/5*r7 + 3/10*r8,
a_1_0 == r5,
a_1_1 == 17/5*r5 + 1/5*r8,
a_1_2 == r7,
a_1_m1 == r7,
a_2_0 == -1/20*r5 + 1/4*r6 - 3/20*r8,
a_2_1 == r6,
a_2_2 == -61/80*r5 + 1/16*r6 + 5/2*r7 - 3/80*r8,
a_2_m1 == -61/80*r5 + 1/16*r6 + 5/2*r7 - 3/80*r8,
a_m1_0 == -r5,
a_m1_1 == -17/5*r5 - 1/5*r8,
a_m1_2 == -r7,
a_m1_m1 == -17/50*r5 + 4/25*r7 + 1/50*r8]]


The solution involves some real parameters rj whose numbering may vary depending on the history of your Sage session.

Alternatively, we could build a matrix for the linear system.

For this, we define a function, inspired by this answer to this question, but taking advantage of the fact that there are no constant terms here.

def matrix_from_system(s, v):
return matrix([[(e.lhs() - e.rhs()).coefficient(a) for a in v] for e in s])


The following matrix is obtained by applying this function to our example:

sage: matrix_from_system(s_5_4, v_5_4)
[ 1  0  0 -4  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 -3  0  0 10]
[-4  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 10 -3  0  0]
[-3  0  0 10  1  0  0 -4  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0]
[10 -3  0  0 -4  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0]
[ 0  0  0  0 -3  0  0 10  1  0  0 -4  0  0  0  0]
[ 0  0  0  0 10 -3  0  0 -4  1  0  0  0  0  0  0]
[ 0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0]
[ 0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0]
[ 0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0]
[ 0  0 -1  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0]
[ 0  0  0  0  0  0 -1  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0]
[ 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 -1  1  0  0  0  0]


and we can then use linear algebra.

For more on linear algebra, the approach using matrices and vectors, and the approach of solving linear systems, see

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