Is it possible to compute the face lattice of a polytope from its vertex-facet incidences?

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From Sage version 8.9+, on, the class CombinatorialPolyhedron can do just that.

Here is an example with your suggested Egyptian pyramid:

sage: ep = CombinatorialPolyhedron([[4,3,2,1],[4,3,0],[4,2,0],[3,1,0],[2,1,0]]); ep
A 3-dimensional combinatorial polyhedron with 5 facets
sage: fl_ep = ep.face_lattice(); fl_ep
Finite lattice containing 20 elements
sage: ep.f_vector()
(1, 5, 8, 5, 1)
sage: ep_poly = polytopes.regular_polygon(4).pyramid()
sage: fl_ep_poly = ep_poly.face_lattice()
sage: fl_ep_poly.is_isomorphic(fl_ep)
True

So far, there are a few things you can call on ep like edge graph, and ridges, and a fast iterator on the faces.

By searching the documentation or the source files of Sage, you can get an answer.

Searching doc:

sage: search_doc('Kaibel')
html/en/reference/geometry/sage/geometry/polyhedron/base.html:1166:<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[KP2002]</a></td><td>Volker Kaibel and Marc E. Pfetsch, &#8220;Computing the Face

Searching source:

sage: search_src('Kaibel')
geometry/polyhedron/base.py:3195:            Volker Kaibel and Marc E. Pfetsch, "Computing the Face

Online documentation (append the result of "search_doc" to "http://doc.sagemath.org/").

http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/geometry/sage/geometry/polyhedron/base.html#sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.face_lattice