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initial version

answered 1 year ago

aobara gravatar image

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system of the complex field yields

$$ l \left(\begin{array}{rrrrr} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \ -1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \ -1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \ -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 \ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{r} e^{\left(i \, \beta\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, \gamma\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, c\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, d\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, e\right)}

\end{array}\right)

\left(l(i3+4)e(iα)+1 12l(i33)e(iα)+le(iδ)+i 12l(i3+3)e(iα)le(ia)le(iδ) 12l(i3+1)e(iα)le(ib) 12l(i3+3)e(iα)le(iδ)\right) $$

Inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

$$ \left(\begin{array}{r} e^{\left(i \, \beta\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, \gamma\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, c\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, d\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, e\right)}

\end{array}\right)

\left(l(i3+4)e(iα)1l 2l(i3+4)e(iα)l(i33)e(iα)2le(iδ)2i22l 2l(i3+4)e(iα)+l(i3+1)e(iα)l(i33)e(iα)+2le(ia)2le(ib)2le(iδ)2i22l 4l(i3+4)e(iα)l(i3+3)e(iα)l(i33)e(iα)+2le(ia)2i42l 2l(i3+4)e(iα)l(i3+3)e(iα)+l(i3+1)e(iα)l(i33)e(iα)+2le(ia)2le(ib)2i22l\right) $$

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations:

0=2(3sin(α)+4cos(α))l+18l2+1  0=((3sin(α)+11cos(α))cos(δ)(3cos(α)11sin(α))sin(δ)31)l2((311)cos(α)(3+11)sin(α)+2cos(δ)+2sin(δ))l2  0=(2(3sin(a)8cos(a))cos(α)2(3cos(a)+8sin(a))sin(α)67)l22((316)cos(α)2(3+4)sin(α)2cos(a)sin(a))l5  0=(2(3sin(a)6cos(a))cos(α)+2(3sin(α)+cos(a)+6cos(α))cos(b)+2(3sin(α)+cos(a)+6cos(α)cos(b))cos(δ)2(3cos(a)+6sin(a))sin(α)2(3cos(α)sin(a)6sin(α))sin(b)2(3cos(α)sin(a)6sin(α)+sin(b))sin(δ)41)l22((36)cos(α)(3+6)sin(α)cos(a)+cos(b)+cos(δ)sin(a)+sin(b)+sin(δ))l2  0=((3sin(a)9cos(a))cos(α)+(3sin(α)+2cos(a)+9cos(α))cos(b)(3cos(a)+9sin(a))sin(α)(3cos(α)2sin(a)9sin(α))sin(b)22)l2((39)cos(α)(3+9)sin(α)2cos(a)+2cos(b)2sin(a)+2sin(b))l2 

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

click to hide/show revision 2
No.2 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system of the complex field yields

$$ l \left(\begin{array}{rrrrr} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \ -1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \ -1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \ -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 \ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{r} e^{\left(i \, \beta\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, \gamma\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, c\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, d\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, e\right)}

\end{array}\right)

\left(l(i3+4)e(iα)+1 12l(i33)e(iα)+le(iδ)+i 12l(i3+3)e(iα)le(ia)le(iδ) 12l(i3+1)e(iα)le(ib) 12l(i3+3)e(iα)le(iδ)\right) $$

Inverting yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

$$ \left(\begin{array}{r} e^{\left(i \, \beta\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, \gamma\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, c\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, d\right)} \ e^{\left(i \, e\right)}

\end{array}\right)

\left(l(i3+4)e(iα)1l 2l(i3+4)e(iα)l(i33)e(iα)2le(iδ)2i22l 2l(i3+4)e(iα)+l(i3+1)e(iα)l(i33)e(iα)+2le(ia)2le(ib)2le(iδ)2i22l 4l(i3+4)e(iα)l(i3+3)e(iα)l(i33)e(iα)+2le(ia)2i42l 2l(i3+4)e(iα)l(i3+3)e(iα)+l(i3+1)e(iα)l(i33)e(iα)+2le(ia)2le(ib)2i22l\right) $$image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations:

0=2(3sin(α)+4cos(α))l+18l2+1  0=((3sin(α)+11cos(α))cos(δ)(3cos(α)11sin(α))sin(δ)31)l2((311)cos(α)(3+11)sin(α)+2cos(δ)+2sin(δ))l2  0=(2(3sin(a)8cos(a))cos(α)2(3cos(a)+8sin(a))sin(α)67)l22((316)cos(α)2(3+4)sin(α)2cos(a)sin(a))l5  0=(2(3sin(a)6cos(a))cos(α)+2(3sin(α)+cos(a)+6cos(α))cos(b)+2(3sin(α)+cos(a)+6cos(α)cos(b))cos(δ)2(3cos(a)+6sin(a))sin(α)2(3cos(α)sin(a)6sin(α))sin(b)2(3cos(α)sin(a)6sin(α)+sin(b))sin(δ)41)l22((36)cos(α)(3+6)sin(α)cos(a)+cos(b)+cos(δ)sin(a)+sin(b)+sin(δ))l2  0=((3sin(a)9cos(a))cos(α)+(3sin(α)+2cos(a)+9cos(α))cos(b)(3cos(a)+9sin(a))sin(α)(3cos(α)2sin(a)9sin(α))sin(b)22)l2((39)cos(α)(3+9)sin(α)2cos(a)+2cos(b)2sin(a)+2sin(b))l2 

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

click to hide/show revision 3
No.3 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system of the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations:

$$ $ 0 = -2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + 4 \, \cos\left(\alpha\right)\right)} l + 18 \, l^{2} + 1 \ $

$ 0 = {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + 11 \, \cos\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \cos\left(\delta\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - 11 \, \sin\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \sin\left(\delta\right) - 31\right)} l^{2} - {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} - 11\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} + 11\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + 2 \, \cos\left(\delta\right) + 2 \, \sin\left(\delta\right)\right)} l - 2\ 2 $

$ 0 = {\left(2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(a\right) - 8 \, \cos\left(a\right)\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - 2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(a\right) + 8 \, \sin\left(a\right)\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - 67\right)} l^{2} - 2 \, - 2 {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} - 16\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - 2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} + 4\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - 2 \, \cos\left(a\right) - \sin\left(a\right)\right)} l - 5\ 5 $

$ 0 = {\left(2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(a\right) - 6 \, {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(a\right) - 9 \cos\left(a\right)\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) + 2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + \cos\left(a\right) + 6 \, + {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + 2 \cos\left(a\right) + 9 \cos\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \cos\left(b\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(a\right) + 9 \sin\left(a\right)\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - 2 \sin\left(a\right) - 9 \sin\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \sin\left(b\right) - 22\right)} l^{2} - {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} - 9\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} + 9\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - 2 \cos\left(a\right) + 2 \cos\left(b\right) - 2 \sin\left(a\right) + 2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + \cos\left(a\right) + \sin\left(b\right)\right)} l - 2 $

$ 0 = \left(2 {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(a\right) - 6 \, \cos\left(a\right)\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) + 2 {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + \cos\left(a\right) + 6 \cos\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \cos\left(b\right) + 2 {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + \cos\left(a\right) + 6 \cos\left(\alpha\right) - \cos\left(b\right)\right)} \cos\left(\delta\right) - 2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(a\right) + 6 \, \sin\left(a\right)\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - 2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - \sin\left(a\right) - 6 \, \sin\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \sin\left(b\right) - 2 \, {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - \sin\left(a\right) - 6 \, \sin\left(\alpha\right) + \sin\left(b\right)\right)} \sin\left(\delta\right) - 41\right)} l^{2} - 2 \, {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} - 6\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} + 6\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - \cos\left(a\right) + \cos\left(b\right) + \cos\left(\delta\right) - \sin\left(a\right) + \sin\left(b\right) + \sin\left(\delta\right)\right)} l - 2\ 0 = {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(a\right) - 9 \, \cos\left(a\right)\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) + {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + 2 \, \cos\left(a\right) + 9 \, \cos\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \cos\left(b\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(a\right) + 9 \, \sin\left(a\right)\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - 2 \, \sin\left(a\right) - 9 \, \sin\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \sin\left(b\right) - 22\right)} l^{2} - {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} - 9\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} + 9\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - 2 \, \cos\left(a\right) + 2 \, \cos\left(b\right) - 2 \, \sin\left(a\right) + 2 \, \sin\left(b\right)\right)} l - 2\ $$2 $

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

click to hide/show revision 4
No.4 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system of the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations:

0=2(3sin(α)+4cos(α))l+18l2+1 

0=((3sin(α)+11cos(α))cos(δ)(3cos(α)11sin(α))sin(δ)31)l2 ((311)cos(α)(3+11)sin(α)+2cos(δ)+2sin(δ))l2

0=(2(3sin(a)8cos(a))cos(α)2(3cos(a)+8sin(a))sin(α)67)l2 2((316)cos(α)2(3+4)sin(α)2cos(a)sin(a))l5

0=((3sin(a)9cos(a))cos(α)$$+(3sin(α)+2cos(a)+9cos(α))cos(b)(3cos(a)+9sin(a))sin(α)(3cos(α)2sin(a)9sin(α))sin(b)22)l2 ((39)cos(α)(3+9)sin(α)2cos(a)+2cos(b)2sin(a)+2sin(b))l2

0 = \left(2  {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(a\right) - 6  \cos\left(a\right)\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) + 2  {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + \cos\left(a\right) + 6  \cos\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \cos\left(b\right) + 2  {\left(\sqrt{3} \sin\left(\alpha\right) + \cos\left(a\right) + 6  \cos\left(\alpha\right) - \cos\left(b\right)\right)} \cos\left(\delta\right) - 2  {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(a\right) + 6 \, \sin\left(a\right)\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - 2  {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - \sin\left(a\right) - 6  \sin\left(\alpha\right)\right)} \sin\left(b\right) - 2  {\left(\sqrt{3} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - \sin\left(a\right) - 6  \sin\left(\alpha\right) + \sin\left(b\right)\right)} \sin\left(\delta\right) - 41\right)} l^{2} - 2  {\left({\left(\sqrt{3} - 6\right)} \cos\left(\alpha\right) - {\left(\sqrt{3} + 6\right)} \sin\left(\alpha\right) - \cos\left(a\right) + \cos\left(b\right) + \cos\left(\delta\right) - \sin\left(a\right) + \sin\left(b\right) + \sin\left(\delta\right)\right)} l - 2image description

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

click to hide/show revision 5
No.5 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system of the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations:

image description

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final l Polynomial

click to hide/show revision 6
No.6 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system of the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations:

image description

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final l "l" Polynomial

We still have a final question though... Can we be absolutely certain that this is the minimum polynomial for l? Or could we still factor out a smaller degree minimum polynomial?

Thanks for your help!!

click to hide/show revision 7
No.7 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system of over the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations:

image description

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final "l" Polynomial

We still have a final question though... Can we be absolutely certain that this is the minimum polynomial for l? Or could we still factor out a smaller degree minimum polynomial?

Thanks for your help!!

click to hide/show revision 8
No.8 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system over the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations:equations, of the 5 variables l,α,δ,aandb:

image description

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final "l" Polynomial

We still have a final question though... Can we be absolutely certain that this is the minimum polynomial for l? Or could we still factor out a smaller degree minimum polynomial?

Thanks for your help!!

click to hide/show revision 9
No.9 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system over the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations, of the 5 variables $l, \alpha, \delta, a and b$:aandb$:

image description

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final "l" Polynomial

We still have a final question though... Can we be absolutely certain that this is the minimum polynomial for l? Or could we still factor out a smaller degree minimum polynomial?

Thanks for your help!!

click to hide/show revision 10
No.10 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system over the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations, of the 5 variables l,α,δ,a and b:

image description

At this point, I tried to use Groebner elimination hoping that having less variables would make it possible to solver before timeout. However, this did not succeed so I went for a different approach.

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final "l" Polynomial

We still have a final question though... Can we be absolutely certain that this is the minimum polynomial for l? Or could we still factor out a smaller degree minimum polynomial?

Thanks for your help!!

click to hide/show revision 11
No.11 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system over the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which get rids gets rid of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with the 5 following equations, equations of the 5 variables l,α,δ,a and b:

image description

At this point, I tried to use Groebner elimination hoping that having less variables would make it possible to solver solve before timeout. However, this did not succeed so I went for a different approach.

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of 3 the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final "l" Polynomial

We still have a final question though... Can we be absolutely certain that this is the minimum polynomial for l? Or could we still factor out a smaller degree minimum polynomial?

Thanks for your help!!

click to hide/show revision 12
No.12 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system over the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm of the right hand side and the left hand side. The norms on the left hand side being of course equal to one, which gets rid of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with 5 equations of the 5 variables l,α,δ,a and b:

image description

At this point, I tried to use Groebner elimination hoping that having less variables would make it possible to solve before timeout. However, this did not succeed so I went for a different approach.

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields an a polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final "l" Polynomial

We still have a final question though... Can we be absolutely certain that this is the minimum polynomial for l? Or could we still factor out a smaller degree minimum polynomial?

Thanks for your help!!

click to hide/show revision 13
No.13 Revision

I finally got to a result using a completely different approach. First I noticed ρ and β are one and the same variable as numerical approximative values suggest. That brings down the number of varialbles from 11 to 10. My sincere appologies for not picking that up earlier. Then, rewriting the set of equations as a linear system over the complex field yields:

image description

Then, inverting the matrix in the left hand side yields:

image description

This way, we can eliminate the five variables β, γ, c, d and e, by computing the norm norms of the right hand side sides and the left hand side. sides. The norms on the left hand side being sides are of course equal to one, which gets rid of 5 variables out of 10. We are now left with 5 equations of the 5 variables l,α,δ,a and b:

image description

At this point, I tried to use Groebner elimination hoping that having less variables would make it possible to solve before timeout. However, this did not succeed so I went for a different approach.

With the first 3 equations we can linearize any sines and cosines powers of α, δ and a. With the last 2 equations we can solve for cos(b) and sin(b) and elimiminate variable b writing cos(b)2+sin(b)2=1. This yields a polynomial expression in l, as well as powers of sines and cosines of the variables α, δ and a.

We then proceed to linearize this expression using the first 3 equations in the system until we are only left with an equation that is polynomial in l and linear in cos(α), cos(a) and cos(δ).

Since the expression is linear in cos(δ), we solve for cos(δ) and substitute into equation (2). This leaves us with a rational equation in cos(a) and cos(α), which we linearize just as earlier in order to obtain a linear equation in cos(a) and cos(α).

We repeat that process in order to eliminate cos(a) and cos(α).

As a result, we obtain a 136 degree polynomial in l, for which our numerical l value is a root.

The result is accessible in the following Permalink:

Final "l" Polynomial

We still have a final question though... Can we be absolutely certain that this is the minimum polynomial for l? Or could we still factor out a smaller degree minimum polynomial?

Thanks for your help!!