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There is a method called relabel for that:

sage: g = Graph([('a','b'), ('b','c')])
sage: g.vertices()
['a', 'b', 'c']
sage: g.relabel()
sage: g.vertices()
[0, 1, 2]
sage: g.edges()
[(0, 1, None), (1, 2, None)]

To make sure of what it does, you may provide the permutation yourself as a dictionary:

sage: g = Graph([('a','b'), ('b','c')])
sage: g.relabel({'a':1,'b':2,'c':0})
sage: g.edges()
[(0, 2, None), (1, 2, None)]

See documentation of relabel method which has many options.