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Here's what I did:

$ cd ~/Downloads
$ wget http://www-ftp.lip6.fr/pub/math/sagemath/linux/64bit/sage-8.8-Ubuntu_18.04-x86_64.tar.bz2
$ echo '171b62272a6bf869246fd9fdbc37eff1 *sage-8.8-Ubuntu_18.04-x86_64.tar.bz2' | md5sum -c
$ mkdir -p ~/.local/opt  # This is just where I opted to put it for myself; this is up to you
$ tar xf sage-8.8-Ubuntu_18.04-x86_64.tar.bz2 -C ~/.local/opt/
$ cd ~/.local/opt/SageMath
$ ./sage

Running ./sage for the first time outputs:

Rewriting paths for your new installation directory
===================================================

This might take a few minutes but only has to be done once.

patching /home/embray/.local/opt/SageMath/build/make/Makefile-auto
... many more lines like this ...
patching /home/embray/.local/opt/SageMath/src/sage/ext/interpreters/wrapper_rr.pyx
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SageMath version 8.8, Release Date: 2019-06-26                     │
│ Using Python 2.7.15. Type "help()" for help.                       │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Setting permissions of DOT_SAGE directory so only you can read and write it.
sage:

Also FWIW I have:

$ which python
/usr/bin/python
$ python --version
Python 2.7.15+
$ dpkg -S `which python`
python-minimal: /usr/bin/python

I also noticed in your original post that you were running as root. That might be part of your problem. If you're taking various arbitrary actions on your system as root then you can break almost anything.

Here's what I did:

$ cd ~/Downloads
$ wget http://www-ftp.lip6.fr/pub/math/sagemath/linux/64bit/sage-8.8-Ubuntu_18.04-x86_64.tar.bz2
$ echo '171b62272a6bf869246fd9fdbc37eff1 *sage-8.8-Ubuntu_18.04-x86_64.tar.bz2' | md5sum -c
$ mkdir -p ~/.local/opt  # This is just where I opted to put it for myself; this is up to you
$ tar xf sage-8.8-Ubuntu_18.04-x86_64.tar.bz2 -C ~/.local/opt/
$ cd ~/.local/opt/SageMath
$ ./sage

Running ./sage for the first time outputs:

Rewriting paths for your new installation directory
===================================================

This might take a few minutes but only has to be done once.

patching /home/embray/.local/opt/SageMath/build/make/Makefile-auto
... many more lines like this ...
patching /home/embray/.local/opt/SageMath/src/sage/ext/interpreters/wrapper_rr.pyx
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SageMath version 8.8, Release Date: 2019-06-26                     │
│ Using Python 2.7.15. Type "help()" for help.                       │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Setting permissions of DOT_SAGE directory so only you can read and write it.
sage:

I also made a symlink:

$ ln -s ../opt/SageMath/sage ~/.local/bin/

Because I have ~/.local/bin on my $PATH, now I can run that Sage installation by just typing sage at the command prompt.

Also FWIW I have:

$ which python
/usr/bin/python
$ python --version
Python 2.7.15+
$ dpkg -S `which python`
python-minimal: /usr/bin/python

I also noticed in your original post that you were running as root. That might be part of your problem. If you're taking various arbitrary actions on your system as root then you can break almost anything.