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You can use

[k for k,v in list(globals().iteritems()) if isinstance(v,sage.symbolic.expression.Expression)]

to display all the names in the global namespace to which a symbolic expression is bound and

[k for k,v in list(globals().iteritems()) if isinstance(v,sage.symbolic.function.Function)]

to find all the names to which a symbolic function is bound. You can vary the query as desired.

You can of course look at globals().keys() directly, but you'll probably find that's a bit unwieldy (and it is what vars() ends up doing too (and as far as I can see it works as documented).

While it may seem at first that inspecting globals() gives you a lot of information about the system, it's in practice rarely useful. Whether something is bound to a global name ends up being not so important in Python.