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I agree with @Daniel Krenn that this is a problem that range() is a function in python, not the level of sage. Thus range(var('n')) does not work.

I also met similar cases recently. Thus I believe this case is not rare and it would great if someone improve the situation to have something more consistent. How I solved the problem is use a workaround: sum over a list instead of sum directly. The code is as follows:

def H(n,k):
    return sum([sum([ S(2*i+1,b)*S(n-2*i-3,k-(2*i+2)-b) for b in range(k-(2*i+2)+1)]) for i in range(floor((n-5)/4)+1)])

It takes me a long time to test H(121,4). I can run H(21, 4) or other a few small numbers, but they always return 1. I am not sure is it the desired answer. But at least it returns something.

Could I also suggest something: when asking a question, it would be better to isolate the problem into as simple case as possible. Then it may be easier for other people to debug and you can get better and quicker answers. For example, with the definition of S, the following already gives an error:

sum( S(i,1),i,0,1)