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When you take the square root of an integer number that is not a square, you get an object in Sage's "Symbolic Ring", where the ceil method is not available.
You could start with a floating-point 10 rather than an integer 10:
sage: x = RDF(10)
sage: x
10.0
sage: x.parent()
Real Double Field
sage: x = x.sqrt()
sage: x
3.1622776601683795
sage: x.parent()
Real Double Field
sage: x = x.ceil()
sage: x
4
sage: x.parent()
Integer Ring
Compare with your original computations:
sage: x = 10
sage: x
10
sage: x.parent()
Integer Ring
sage: x = x.sqrt()
sage: x
sqrt(10)
sage: x.parent()
Symbolic Ring
sage: x = x.ceil()
...
AttributeError: 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression' object has no attribute 'ceil'
