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If you're planning on running the function from say the notebook or and interactive prompt, you can do something like the following technique:

def f(n):
    for i, value in enumerate(n.digits(2)):
        globals()['x%s'%i] = value

Then, you can do something like:

sage: f(8)
sage: x0
0
sage: x3
1

A more Pythonic way to do things (without messing with the global namespace) would be something like:

def f(n):
    return n.digits(2)

and then:

sage: x = f(n)
sage: x[0]
0
sage: x[3]
1

If you're planning on running the function from say the notebook or and interactive prompt, you can do something like the following technique:

def f(n):
    for i, value in enumerate(n.digits(2)):
enumerate(Integer(n).digits(2)):
        globals()['x%s'%i] = value

Then, you can do something like:

sage: f(8)
sage: x0
0
sage: x3
1

A more Pythonic way to do things (without messing with the global namespace) would be something like:

def f(n):
    return n.digits(2)
Integer(n).digits(2)

and then:

sage: x = f(n)
f(8)
sage: x[0]
0
sage: x[3]
1